Choosing and Installing a Feeder for Migratory Birds in Canada

Installing a feeder is one of the most direct ways to observe migratory birds up close. In Canada, species present vary considerably by province, elevation, and season. Before choosing a model, it is useful to know which species are likely to visit your region.

Feeder Types and Associated Species

There is no universal feeder. Each design attracts a particular group of species.

Open Platform Feeders

An open platform, or ground tray, suits species that normally feed on the ground: sparrows, juncos, mourning doves. These birds prefer to pick up food while moving rather than clinging to a perch. A raised platform 60–90 cm off the ground is enough to make it less accessible to ground predators.

Tube Feeders

A perforated cylindrical tube is designed for nyjer (thistle) or hulled sunflower seeds. American goldfinches, pine siskins, and crossbills use them regularly. Perches should be short so larger species cannot monopolize the food.

Suet Feeders

Cages holding suet blocks attract woodpeckers, chickadees, nuthatches, and some migrating warblers. Unsalted suet is preferable. In Canadian summers it melts quickly: this feeder type is best removed between June and August.

Hummingbird Feeders

The ruby-throated hummingbird, the only breeding hummingbird east of the Rockies, is present in Quebec, Ontario, and the Maritimes from May to September. Feeder solution should be one part white sugar to four parts boiled, cooled water. Change it every two to three days in hot weather to prevent fermentation.

Which Seeds to Prioritize

Seed quality and type directly affect attracted species and waste on the ground.

• Hulled sunflower seeds: the most versatile, favoured by most granivorous passerines. They leave no hulls on the ground.
• Striped sunflower seeds: attractive to squirrels and jays, which may discourage some smaller species.
• Nyjer (Guizotia abyssinica): fine seeds for goldfinches and siskins. Store in a dry place: they mould quickly after the bag is opened.
• Unsalted peanuts: highly favoured by blue jays, chickadees, and woodpeckers. Use in moderation.
• Commercial mixes: variable quality. Mixes containing red millet, sorghum, or rice granules are often left untouched by most migratory species.

Feeder Placement

Placement affects both feeder use and bird safety.

Distance from Windows

Window collisions are a significant cause of bird mortality in North America, according to data published by Environment and Climate Change Canada. Two distances are generally recommended:

• Less than 1 metre from the window: a bird that strikes does not build enough speed for serious injury.
• More than 10 metres from the window: birds clearly identify the obstacle before reaching flight speed.

Predator Protection

Domestic cats threaten birds feeding on the ground. A feeder on a smooth metal pole at least 1.5 m high is harder to climb. Dome baffles placed below the feeder are effective against squirrels and raccoons.

Exposure

A feeder facing trees or hedges gives birds a quick retreat in danger. A clear zone 2 to 3 metres around the feeder lets birds spot predators.

Maintenance and Hygiene

A poorly maintained feeder can spread diseases such as salmonellosis or conjunctivitis in finches. Regular cleaning is essential.

• Clean with hot water and a dedicated brush every two weeks in cold season, weekly in summer.
• Rinse thoroughly and let dry completely before refilling.
• Remove unconsumed and mouldy seeds as soon as they appear.
• Disinfect with diluted bleach (1 part to 9 parts water) once or twice per season.

Seasonal Calendar in Canada

Needs vary by season and region.

Spring (March–May)

Early migrants arrive as residents begin nesting. Hummingbirds generally appear in Quebec and Ontario between mid-May and late May. Filling feeders before they arrive increases the chance of attracting them.

Autumn (August–November)

Autumn migration is often longer and quieter than spring migration. Many species travel at night. Sparrows and juncos arrive from September in central provinces.

Winter

In winter, feeders mainly benefit resident species: black-capped chickadees, Canada jays, nuthatches. Maintaining a liquid water source (heated bird bath) is as useful as food, because birds struggle to find unfrozen water.